Serigala Italia
Basis Pengetahuan Terbuka Wikipedia Indonesia
| Serigala Italia | |
|---|---|
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Klasifikasi ilmiah 
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| Kerajaan: | Animalia |
| Filum: | Chordata |
| Kelas: | Mammalia |
| Ordo: | Carnivora |
| Famili: | Canidae |
| Genus: | Canis |
| Spesies: | |
| Subspesies: | C. l. italicus
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| Nama trinomial | |
| Canis lupus italicus Altobello, 1921[2]
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| Wilayah persebaran serigala Italia; merah: keberadaan stabil; kuning: keberadaan tak biasa | |
Serigala Italia (Canis lupus italicus[3][4] atau Canis lupus lupus[5]), also known as the Apennine wolf,[6][7] adalah sebuah subspesies serigala abu-abu yang berasal dari Semenanjung Italia. Spesies tersebut menghuni Pegunungan Apennine dan Alpen Barat, meskipun spesies tersebut melakukan ekspansi menuju utara dan timur. Pada 2022, populasi serigala di Italia berjumlah sekitar 3.307 ekor.[8] Meskipun tak secara universal diakui sebagai subspesies berbeda,[5] spesies tersebut juga dianggap memiliki haplotipe mtDNA yang unik[9][10][11] dan morfologi tulang berbeda.[12]
Spesies tersebut sangat dilindungi di Italia sejak 1970an, saat populasinya mencapai serendah 70–100 ekor. Populasinya meningkat dalam hal jumlah, meskipun perburuan ilegal dan persekusi masih dianggap ancaman. Sejak 1990an, wilayah persebaran serigala Italia meluas sampai tenggara Prancis[13] dan Swiss.[14]
Serigala Italai secara menonjol muncul dalam budaya Latin dan Italia, seperti serigala betina dalam legenda pendirian Roma.[15] Karena alasan tersebut, spesies tersebut secara tak resmi dianggap sebagai hewan nasional Italia.[16][17]
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Boitani, Phillips & Jhala 2023.
- ^ Altobello 1921.
- ^ Altobello (1921); Nowak & Federoff (2002); Castelló (2018); Boitani, Phillips & Jhala (2023)
- ^ IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group ( Claudio Sillero). "Grey wolf Canis lupus". International Union for the Conservation of Nature - Canid Specialist Group.
- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamamsw3 - ^ Salari et al. 2017.
- ^ Sardella, Raffaele; Bertè, Davide; Iurino, Dawid Adam; Cherin, Marco; Tagliacozzo, Antonio (2014). "The wolf from Grotta Romanelli (Apulia, Italy) and its implications in the evolutionary history of Canis lupus in the Late Pleistocene of Southern Italy". Quaternary International. 328–329: 179–195. Bibcode:2014QuInt.328..179S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.11.016.
- ^ "Risultati: I risultati del Monitoraggio nazionale del lupo" [Results: The results of the National Wolf Monitoring]. Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (dalam bahasa Italia). 12 May 2022.
- ^ Wayne et al. 1992.
- ^ Randi et al. 2000.
- ^ Imbert, Camille; Caniglia, Romolo; Fabbri, Elena; Milanesi, Pietro; Randi, Ettore; Serafini, Matteo; Torretta, Elisa; Meriggi, Alberto (2016). "Why do wolves eat livestock?". Biological Conservation. 195: 156–168. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.01.003. S2CID 87399626.
- ^ Nowak & Federoff 2002.
- ^ Monnier & Figuet 2013.
- ^ Glenz et al. 2001.
- ^ Livy (1797). The history of Rome. George Baker (trans.). Printed for A. Strahan.
- ^ Minahan, James B. (2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 436. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.
- ^ Blashfield, Jean F. (2009). Italy. Scholastic. hlm. 33. ISBN 978-0-531-12099-6.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Aggarwal, R. K.; Kivisild, T.; Ramadevi, J.; Singh, L. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA coding region sequences support the phylogenetic distinction of two Indian wolf species". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 45 (2): 163. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2006.00400.x.
- Altobello, G. (1921). Fauna dell'Abruzzo e del Molise. Mammiferi. IV. I Carnivori (Carnivora) [Fauna of Abruzzo and Molise. Mammals. IV. Carnivores (Carnivora)] (dalam bahasa Italia). Campobasso: Colitti e Figlio. hlm. 38–45. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2016-05-04. Diakses tanggal 2014-05-01.
- Anzidei, Anna Paola; Bulgarelli, Grazia Maria; Catalano, Paola; Cerilli, Eugenio; Gallotti, Rosalia; Lemorini, Cristina; Milli, Salvatore; Palombo, Maria Rita; Pantano, Walter; Santucci, Ernesto (2012). "Ongoing research at the late Middle Pleistocene site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio (central Italy), with emphasis on human–elephant relationships". Quaternary International. 255: 171–187. Bibcode:2012QuInt.255..171A. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.005.
- Bobbé, Sophie (2000). "Un mode de garde écologiquement correct: le chien de protection" [An ecologically correct way of guarding: the guard dog] (PDF). Ethnologie française (dalam bahasa Prancis). 30 (3): 459–472. Diakses tanggal 18 June 2021.
- Boitani, L. (1995). "Ecological and cultural diversities in the evolution of wolf-human relationships". Dalam Carbyn, L. N.; Fritts, S. H.; Seip, D. R. (ed.). Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world (PDF). Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute. hlm. 3–12. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-07-17. Diakses tanggal 2014-05-16.
- Boitani, L.; Phillips, M.; Jhala, Y. (2023). "Canis lupus" e.T3746A247624660. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T3746A247624660.en. ; refer to the "Text Summary" near the bottom of the web page
- Castelló, J.R. (2018). Canids of the World: Wolves, Wild Dogs, Foxes, Jackals, Coyotes, and Their Relatives. Princeton University Press. hlm. 76. ISBN 978-0-691-18372-5.
- Ciucani, Marta Maria; Palumbo, Davide; Galaverni, Marco; Serventi, Patrizia; Fabbri, Elena; Ravegnini, Gloria; Angelini, Sabrina; Maini, Elena; Persico, Davide; Caniglia, Romolo; Cilli, Elisabetta (2019). "Old wild wolves: Ancient DNA survey unveils population dynamics in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Italian remains". PeerJ. 7 e6424. doi:10.7717/peerj.6424. PMC 6441319. PMID 30944772.
- Glenz, C.; Massolo, A.; Kuonen, D.; Schlaepfer, R. (2001). "A wolf habitat suitability prediction study in Valais (Switzerland)". Landscape and Urban Planning. 55 (1): 55–65. Bibcode:2001LUrbP..55...55G. doi:10.1016/s0169-2046(01)00119-0.
- Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; Schweizer, Rena M.; Thalmann, Olaf; Silva, Pedro; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey A.; Dobrynin, Pavel; Makunin, Alexey; Cahill, James A.; Shapiro, Beth; Álvares, Francisco; Brito, José C.; Geffen, Eli; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Johnson, Warren E.; O'Brien, Stephen J.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (2015). "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–2165. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.2158K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
- Meuret, M.; Moulin, C.-H.; Bonnet, O.; Garde, L.; Nozie`res-Petit, M.-O.; Lescureux, N. (2020). "Missing shots: has the possibility of shooting wolves been lacking for 20 years in France's livestock protection measures?". The Rangeland Journal. 42: 401–413. doi:10.1071/RJ20046. S2CID 235007263. Diakses tanggal 18 June 2021.
- Monnier, A.; Figuet, R. (May 2013). Le loup en France Plan national d'action sur le loup 2008-2012 [The wolf in France National action plan on the wolf 2008-2012] (dalam bahasa Prancis). CGAAER. hlm. 78.
- Nowak, R. M.; Federoff, N. E. (2002). "The systematic status of the Italian wolf Canis lupus". Acta Theriologica. 47 (3): 333–338. Bibcode:2002AcTh...47..333N. doi:10.1007/bf03194151. S2CID 366077.
- Pilot, M. G.; Branicki, W.; Jędrzejewski, W. O.; Goszczyński, J.; Jędrzejewska, B. A.; Dykyy, I.; Shkvyrya, M.; Tsingarska, E. (2010). "Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 104. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..104P. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-104. PMC 2873414. PMID 20409299.
- Randi, Ettore; Lucchini, Vittorio; Christensen, Mads Fjeldsø; Nadia, Mucci; Funk, Stephan M.; Dolf, Gaudenz; Loeschcke, Volker (2000). "Mitochondrial DNA variability in Italian and east European wolves: Detecting the conseguences of small population size and hybridization". Conservation Biology. 14 (2): 464–473. Bibcode:2000ConBi..14..464R. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98280.x. S2CID 86614655.
- Randi, Ettore (2007). "Ch 3.4 - Population genetics of wolves (Canis lupus)". Dalam Weiss, Steven; Ferrand, Nuno (ed.). Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia. Springer. hlm. 118–121. ISBN 978-1-4020-49033.
- Rissanen, M. (2014). "Was There a Taboo on Killing Wolves in Rome?". Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica (107): 125–150. doi:10.1400/229735.
- Salari, Leonardo; Achino, Katia F.; Gatta, Maurizio; Petronio, Carmelo; Rolfo, Mario F.; Silvestri, Letizia; Pandolfi, Luca (2017). "The wolf from Grotta Mora Cavorso (Simbruini mountains, Latium) within the evolution of Canis lupus L., 1758 in the Quaternary of Italy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 476: 90–105. Bibcode:2017PPP...476...90S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.023.
- Skoglund, P. (2015). "Ancient wolf genome reveals an early divergence of domestic dog ancestors and admixture into high-latitude breeds". Current Biology. 25 (11): 1515–9. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.1515S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019. PMID 26004765.
- Valière, Nathaniel; Fumagalli, Luca; Gielly, Ludovic; Miquel, Christian; Lequette, Benoît; Poulle, Marie-Lazarine; Weber, Jean-Marc; Arlettaz, Raphaël; Taberlet, Pierre (2003). "Long-distance wolf recolonization of France and Switzerland inferred from non-invasive genetic sampling over a period of 10 years". Animal Conservation. 6 (1): 83–92. Bibcode:2003AnCon...6...83V. doi:10.1017/S1367943003003111. S2CID 85815288.
- Wayne, Robert K.; Lehman, Niles; Allard, Marc W.; Honeycutt, Rodney L. (1992). "Mitochondrial DNA variability of the gray wolf: genetic consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation on genetic variability". Conservation Biology. 6 (4): 559–69. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06040559.x.
Bacaan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Apollonio, Marco; Mattioli, Luca (2006). Il Lupo in Provincia di Arezzo [The Wolf in the Province of Arezzo] (dalam bahasa Italia). Editrice Le Balze. ISBN 978-88-7539-123-2.
- Boitani, Luigi (1987). Dalla parte del lupo: la riscoperta scientifica e culturale del mitico predatore [On the side of the wolf: the scientific and cultural rediscovery of the mythical predator] (dalam bahasa Italia). Mondadori.
- Comincini, Mario (2002). L'uomo e la "bestia antropofaga": storia del lupo nell'Italia settentrionale dal XV al XIX secolo [Man and the "anthropophagous beast": history of the wolf in northern Italy from the 15th to the 19th century] (dalam bahasa Italia). Unicopoli. ISBN 978-88-400-0774-8.
- Diviacco, Giovanni; Campora, Massimo; Cottalasso, Renato (2009). Sulle tracce del lupo in Liguria [On the trail of the wolf in Liguria] (dalam bahasa Italia). Centro Stampa Offset.
- Ferrari, Marco Albino [in Italia] (2012). La via del lupo [The way of the wolf] (dalam bahasa Italia). Editori Laterza. ISBN 978-88-420-5600-3.
- Genovesi, P., ed. (2002). Piano d'azione nazionale per la conservazione del Lupo (Canis lupus) [National action plan for the conservation of the wolf (Canis lupus)] (PDF) (dalam bahasa Italia). Quaderni di Conservazione della Natura, 13, Min. Ambiente - Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica.
- Marucco, Francesca (2014). Il lupo: Biologia e gestione nelle Alpi ed in Europa [The wolf: Biology and management in the Alps and in Europe] (dalam bahasa Italia). Il Piviere. ISBN 978-88-96348-23-9.
- Marucco, Francesca (2015). I lupi delle Alpi Marittime: Storie e curiosità sui branchi che per primi hanno ricolonizzato le Alpi [Wolves of the Maritime Alps: Stories and curiosities about the packs that first re-colonized the Alps] (dalam bahasa Italia). Blu Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-7904-200-0.
- Meriggi, Alberto; Brangi, Anna; Matteucci, Carlo; Sacchi, Oreste (1996). "The feeding habits of wolves in relation to large prey availability in northern Italy". Ecography. 19 (3): 287–295. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1996.tb00238.x.
- Rissanen, M. (2012). "The Hirpi Sorani and the Wolf Cults of Central Italy". Acta Philologica Fennica. XLVI.
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